About
In the 1880s Edvard Munch often found human subjects among his close family and friends. One eloquent portrait is that of the writer, anarchist and social critic Hans Jæger. The subject sits leaning back in a sofa, weighing us up through his spectacles with a direct gaze. His hat and tight-fitting overcoat emphasise his aloof and impassive aspect. The cool light streaming in through the curtains to the left casts deep shadows creating shimmers of red-violet, brown and bluegreen hues. The pastose, emphatic brushstrokes seem tossed onto the canvas with the same casual attitude as the character on the sofa.
Hans Jæger was a central figure in the group known as the Christiania Bohemians – a small but conspicuous group of young students, artists and writers living in the capital who shared radical and incisively critical views on bourgeois society. Munch belonged to this circle in the 1880s. Their “credo” was partly summed up in the commandment: “Thou shalt write thy life.” Jæger’s book From Christiania’s Bohemia (1885) was banned due to what were regarded at the time as pornographic scenes, for which in 1886 he was fined and sent to prison.
Although Munch gradually distanced himself from the Bohemian circle, he retained his respect for Jæger – almost ten years his senior – as both an individual and an idealist. For many years the painting remained in Munch’s possession, and was shown in most of his exhibitions in the 1890s. In 1897 he offered it to the National Gallery, which duly purchased it, whereupon the Bohemian found his place on the wall alongside national literary heroes such as Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson.
- Edvard Munch bestandskatalog
The situation is casual, the subject seemingly captured in a fleeting moment. Still in his outdoor clothes, it is as if he has just flopped down on the sofa with a glass in front of him. The portrait is painted using a rich, pastose technique that emphasises brushstroke, materiality and nuances of colour. In its composition and style, it shows Munch's preoccupation with 1880s realism.
In 1889, Hans Jæger (1854--1910) was one of Munch's closest friends. The two had been following each other's activities since 1886. Munch admired the author's radical attitude and message. Nearly ten years older than Munch, Jæger advocated the ideals of naturalism. This involved a conscientious commitment to reality, diligent self-examination and thorough honesty about one's private life. Munch was one of those who would rigorously adopt the tenet of Jæger and the Kristiania Bohemians to "write your life".
Here the subject is first and foremost the front figure of those Bohemians, Jæger himself. One of Munch's best known and most widely discussed portraits, it is generally regarded as a defining work of the 1880s. It belongs to the genre of the informal artist portrait, which became popular in this period. Otherwise, in terms of style and the treatment of the cool light flooding in through the window, it has similarities with Spring (The National Museum, NG.M.00498), painted the same year.
Until 1887 Hans Jæger was employed as a stenographer at the Storting, the Norwegian parliament. But he was better known as a writer, social critic and anarchist, and as the leading light of the so-called Kristiania Bohemians. He attracted attention and controversy for his opinions, actions and personality. The portrait was painted shortly after his second period of imprisonment for his novel Fra Kristianiabohemen (From the Christiania Bohemians), which was confiscated by the authorities immediately after publication in December 1885. Jæger received a sixty-day prison sentence as penalty for the book's pornographic and blasphemous content, followed by a second sentence for attempting to smuggle the novel to Sweden. The punishment was also a reaction to the book's socially critical stance and its disregard for established morality.
The painting was shown in Munch's first solo exhibition in the small hall of Studentersamfundet (the Students' Association) in Kristiania in spring 1889. It was purchased from the artist by the National Gallery's purchasing committee in autumn 1897. X-ray analysis has revealed changes in the course of work, especially in the lower right corner (Plahter 1994). The table and glass were added at a late stage, possibly after the painting had been exhibited in spring 1889. This is the only portrait of Jæger by Munch that we know of. Later, however, he produced a lithograph of the head section (1896, Woll 2001, G 84). And finally, towards the end of his life, he prepared two further lithographs based on the full tableau. These are among his last works (1943--1944, Woll 2001, G 747, G 748).
Munch's relationship to Jæger was ambivalent, but in his late correspondence he mentions him several times with great affection and respect. In connection with Jæger's terminal illness and death in January 1910, Munch wrote to his friend Jappe Nilssen: "-- Poor Hans Jæger -- He was one of the few I would have liked to see again -- He was one of the most likeable of the Bohemians -- and he wrote the best Kristiania novel as well." (21 January 1910, National Library, correspondence collection, 604, PN 732). Jæger's death may have been the starting point for several later compositions on the theme of "The Death of Bohemia" (1915--1920, Woll 2008 B, M 1166-1169). Clearly, Jæger was a major influence on Munch's development in his early years.
Øystein Ustvedt
The text was first published in Edvard Munch in the National Museum. A comprehensive overview (Oslo: National Museum, 2022).
- Creation date:
- 1889
- Object type:
- Painting
- Materials and techniques:
- Olje på lerret
- Material:
- Canvas
- Dimensions:
- Height: 109 cm
- Width: 84 cm
- Depth: 2.9 cm
- Keywords:
- Visual art
- Classification:
- 532 - Bildende kunst
- Motif - type:
- Portrait
- Motif - person:
- Jæger, Hans (depicted person)
- Inventory no.:
- NG.M.00485
- Cataloguing level:
- Single object
- Inscriptions:
- Primary, Signature and dating, nede venstre: E Munch 1889
- Acquisition:
- Purchased 1897
- Owner and collection:
- Nasjonalmuseet for kunst, arkitektur og design, The Fine Art Collections
- Photo:
- Børre Høstland
- Hansen, Vibeke Waallann, et al. Edvard Munch i Nasjonalmuseet: en samlet oversikt. Redigert av Ustvedt, Øystein, et al. Oslo: Nasjonalmuseet, 2022. kat.nr. 13.
- Ford, Thierry, et al. «Munch and optical coherence tomography: unravelling historical and artist applied varnish layers in painting collections». European Physical Journal Plus, 2021. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01758-5. [upaginert]
- Ford, Thierry, et al. «A non-invasive screening study of varnishes applied to three paintings by Edvard Munch using portable diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS)». Heritage Science 7, nr. 84 (2019). [upaginert]
- Ustvedt, Øystein. Munch: En introduksjon til bildene og livet. Oslo: Stenersens forlag, 2018. 40–2.
- Woll, Gerd. «Edvard Munch’s Use and Abuse of Alcohol». Art in Print 7, nr. 4 (2017). 13.
- Flaatten, Hans-Martin Frydenberg. Edvard Munch. Høysommer i Hvitsten - Hans kunstnerliv på Nedre Ramme 1910-44. Vestby: Vestby kommune, 2016. 73.
- Grøgaard, Stian. Edvard Munch: et utsatt liv. Oslo: Akademika, 2013. 348.
- Ustvedt, Øystein. «Edvard Munchs portretter. Kunstnerisk plattform og kilde til fornyelse», i «Edvard Munch 1863-1944», utstillingskatalog, 2013. 233.
- Huber, Hans Dieter. Edvard Munch. Tanz der Lebens. Eine Biographie. Stuttgart: Reclam, 2013. 32–3.
- Woll, Gerd. Edvard Munch: Samlede malerier: B. 1: 1880-1897. Oslo: Cappelen Damm, 2008. kat.nr. 174.
- Guleng, Mai Britt. «Utstillingsstrategi og kunstnerisk individualitet. Edvard Munchs kritikere 1892», i «Munch blir ‘Munch’. Kunstneriske strategier 1880-1892», utstillingskatalog, 2008. 227.
- Jacobsen, Lasse. «Edvard Munchs fotoalbum fra atelier Marschalk, Berlin 1892-93 - og ‘Det syke barn’», i «Munch blir »Munch«. Kunstneriske strategier 1880-1892», utstillingskatalog, 2008. 202.
- Plahter, Leif Einar. «Beneath the surface of Edvard Munch. Technical examinations of four paintings by Edvard Munch», i «Conservare necesse est. Festskrift til Leif Einar Plahter på hans 70-årsdag», 1999. 118–9.
- Eggum, Arne. Edvard Munch. Portretter. Utstillingskatalog. Oslo: Munchmuseet og Labyrinth Press, 1994. 23–4.
- Messel, Nils. Norske forfatterportretter. Oslo: Nasjonalgalleriet, Aschehoug og Gyldendal, 1993. 15, 106–9.
- Nasjonalgalleriet, red. Norske malerier. Katalog. Oslo, 1992. 337.
- Heller, Reinhold. Munch: his life and work. London: John Murray, 1984. 44.
- Stang, Ragna. Edvard Munch: mennesket og kunstneren. Oslo: Aschehoug, 1977. 45.
- Brenna, Arne. «Hans Jæger og Edvard Munch, I-II.» Nordisk tidskrift, 1976. 196.
- Nasjonalgalleriet, red. Katalog over norsk malerkunst: med 158 illustrasjoner. Oslo, 1968. kat.nr. 1268.
- Langaard, Ingrid Lindbäck. Edvard Munch. Modningsår. En studie i tidlig ekspresjonisme og symbolisme. Oslo: Gyldendal, 1960. 37–8.
- Nasjonalgalleriet, red. Katalog over norsk malerkunst. Oslo, 1950. kat.nr. 1051.
- Nasjonalgalleriet, red. Norsk malerkunst i Nasjonalgalleriet. Oslo, 1933. kat.nr. 941.
- Thiis, Jens. Edvard Munch og hans samtid: Slekten, livet og kunsten, geniet. Oslo: Gyldendal, 1933. 172.
- Gauguin, Pola. Edvard Munch. Oslo: Aschehoug, 1933. 64–5.
- Nasjonalgalleriet, red. Edvard Munch. Utstillingskatalog. Oslo, 1927. kat.nr. 35.
- Vidalenc, Georges. «Edvard Munch». Kunst og kultur 8 (1920). 131–2.
- Glaser, Curt. Edvard Munch. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer, 1917. 14, 28.
- Nilssen, Jappe. «Edvard Munch 163 - 12. desember - 1913». Kunst og kultur 4 (1913). 88.
Nasjonalmuseet's collection catalogue is a living resource of information gathered since the 1830's. Some records may contain language or ideas that today could be perceived as outdated, offensive or discriminatory with regard to for instance gender, sexuality, ethnicity or disability, and that may be at odds with the museum's values regarding equality and diversity.
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Other works by Edvard Munch
The KissEdvard Munch1892
MoonlightEdvard Munch(1893)
Julius Meier-GraefeEdvard MunchAntagelig 1894
From Vestre AkerEdvard Munch1881
Young Woman Washing herselfEdvard Munch(1896)
MelancholyEdvard MunchAntagelig 1892
Flowery Meadow at VeierlandEdvard Munch(1887)
White NightEdvard MunchPåbegynt 1900, avsluttet 1901
Rue LafayetteEdvard Munch1891
Naked Woman in Front of a HouseEdvard Munch1883 eller 1884
Self-PortraitEdvard Munch1905
Hjørdis GierløffEdvard MunchPlaten utført 1913 eller 1914; trykket 1914
