Spring
- Artist: Edvard Munch
- Creation date: 1889
About
- Edvard Munch bestandskatalog
Spring is Munch's largest and most realistic painting of the 1880s. With its sickbed and its emphasis on the contrasts between indoors and outdoors, deadly disease and life-giving light, it is similar to The Sick Child (National Museum, NG.M.00839). The two works differ, however, in format, execution and composition. In Spring, the sickbed is located in a typical, late 19th century middle-class home. The figures sit deep within the pictorial space, and the picture owes much of its character to its true-to-life treatment of the setting. There is greater emphasis on realistic perspective, the play of light, volumes and details. The execution is more in line with the open-air realism of the 1880s.
For many years, this was one of Munch's most discussed and highly valued works. Jens Thiis described it as the artist's "... most accomplished painting" (Thiis 1907 A, 426) and gave it a central place in the so-called Hall of Honour for Recent Art in the National Gallery (emunch.no: MM K 5103). Unlike so many of his other major works, however, the artist did not explore the composition further in later versions, and neither did he render it as a print. We know of no specific preliminary studies for the painting. Munch himself mentions the work in a number of letters, notes and literary remarks. In one context, he mentions it as his "... farewell to impressionism and realism" (1928--1929, emunch.no: MM N 76).
The model for the girl in the chair was probably Betzy Nilsen, who may have been employed as a domestic servant in the Munch household at the time (Dagbladet, 30.12.1950). The older woman resembles the artist's aunt, Karen Bjølstad. The work was shown for the first time at Munch's first solo exhibition in Kristiania in spring 1889. A few years later, in 1895, it was proposed that the National Gallery should purchase the work, although it wasn't until 1899 that the museum finally decided to buy it.
Technical and X-ray studies have revealed that Munch made significant changes when developing the work, as well as early damage towards the right of the picture (Plahter 1974; Plahter 1994; Aslaksby 2009). The damage was discussed in connection with the purchase of the picture in 1899, and was probably repaired immediately. It is one of several matters mentioned in a letter from Munch to Jens Thiis (emunch.no: MM N 2146, undated), and in another from Erik Werenskiold (then a member of the purchasing committee) to Henrik Sørensen (reproduced in Kunst og Kultur, no. 4, 1989, 234).
Munch's use of the realistic idiom in this work is striking in light of his other paintings from the late 1880s. Ragna Stang has described Spring as an "academic bravura work" (Stang, 1977, 67). The painting was positively received when exhibited in 1889, and it probably contributed to the decision to grant the artist a state travel grant that year. During the 1890s, the work served as a centrepiece in numerous exhibitions. In a photograph that survives from the artist's exhibition at Equitable Palast in Berlin in 1892--93, it is undoubtedly the most dominant painting in the room. In recent times, however, it has been relegated to a more modest place in Munch's oeuvre.
Øystein Ustvedt
The text was first published in Edvard Munch in the National Museum. A comprehensive overview (Oslo: National Museum, 2022).
- Creation date:
- 1889
- Other titles:
- Vår (NOR)
- Object type:
- Painting
- Materials and techniques:
- Olje på lerret
- Material:
- Canvas
- Dimensions:
- Height: 169.5 cm
- Width: 264.2 cm
- Depth: 2.8 cm
- Keywords:
- Visual art
- Classification:
- 532 - Bildende kunst
- Motif - type:
- Interior, Portrait
- Inventory no.:
- NG.M.00498
- Cataloguing level:
- Single object
- Inscriptions:
- Primary, Signature and dating, nede høyre: E. Munch 1889
- Acquisition:
- Purchased 1899
- Provenance:
- [30] Seller to the museum, Edvard Munch
- Owner and collection:
- Nasjonalmuseet for kunst, arkitektur og design, The Fine Art Collections
- Photo:
- Høstland, Børre
- Hansen, Vibeke Waallann, et al. Edvard Munch i Nasjonalmuseet: en samlet oversikt. Redigert av Ustvedt, Øystein, et al. Oslo: Nasjonalmuseet, 2022. kat.nr. 12.
- Ustvedt, Øystein. Munch: En introduksjon til bildene og livet. Oslo: Stenersens forlag, 2018. 51.
- Stein, Mille. «Edvard Munch og ‘hestekuren’. En revurdering». Kunst og kultur 100, nr. 1–2 (2017). 68.
- Mørstad, Erik. «Edvard Munch: formative år 1874-1892. Norske og franske impulser». Universitetet i Oslo, 2016. 59, 118, 173, 180, 233, 244, 257.
- Gjessing, Oda Wildhagen. «Jorn + Munch», i «Jorn + Munch», utstillingskatalog, 2016. 32.
- Stein, Mille, et al. «A contribution to the varnish history of the paintings by Edvard Munch at the National Museum and Munch Museum», i «Public paintings by Edvard Munch and his contemporaries. Change and conservation challenges», 2015. 260, 262.
- Kongssund, Anita. «Kunst og ukunst. En moderne ikonoklasme = Art and Non-Art. A Modern Iconoclasm», i «Kunst i kamp = Art in Battle», utstillingskatalog, 2015. 80.
- Flaatten, Hans-Martin Frydenberg. «Mestari ja meklari - Edvard Munch ja Rolf E. Stenersen = Mästaren och Mäklaren - Edvard Munch och Rolf E. Stenersen», i «Edvard Munch: Elämän tanssi = Livets dans = The Dance of Life», utstillingskatalog, 2014. 97.
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- Grøgaard, Stian. Edvard Munch: et utsatt liv. Oslo: Akademika, 2013. 348.
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- Stokkan, Torill, et al. Tante Karen: kvinnen bak Edvard Munch. Oslo: Orfeus, 2013. 79–80.
- Ness, Nina Denney. «Om en illustrasjon av Erik Werenskiold: og dens relasjon til motiver av Edvard Munch». Kunst og kultur 96, nr. 1 (2013). 7.
- Volle, Wenche. «Munchs rom». [avhandling ph.d.]. Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo, 2012. 195.
- Bischoff, Ulrich. Edvard Munch 1863-1944: Images of Life and Death. Köln: Taschen, 2011. 14.
- Pettersen, Petra. «Munch. Un ‘outsider’ del suo tempo», i «Munch e lo spirito del Nord. Scandinavia nel secondo ottocento», utstillingskatalog, 2010. 104–5.
- Ustvedt, Øystein. «Historien om et mesterverk», i «Edvard Munch. Det syke barn. Historien om om et mesterverk», 2009. 11–2.
- Junillon, Ingrid. Edvard Munch face à Henrik Ibsen: impressions d’un lecteur. Leuven: Peeters, 2009. 74, 98, 258, 275.
- Aslaksby, Trond. «Det syke barn. Et maleri i forvandling - teknikk og behandling», i «Edvard Munch: ‘Det syke barn’: Historien om om et mesterverk», 2009. 69.
- Woll, Gerd. Edvard Munch: Samlede malerier: B. 1: 1880-1897. Oslo: Cappelen Damm, 2008. kat.nr. 173.
- Pettersen, Petra. «Berlin 1892 - Forsøk på rekonstruksjon», i «Munch blir Munch: kunstneriske strategier 1880-1892», utstillingskatalog, 2008. 194.
- Bjerke, Øivind Storm. «Stil og teknikk som strategiske virkemidler innenfor ‘Mellomgenerasjonen’ 1882-86», i «Munch blir ‘Munch’. Kunstneriske strategier 1880-1892», utstillingskatalog, 2008. 57.
- Rutkowski, Eva. Edvard Munch’s Frauen: Frauendarstellung in der frühen Gemälden des norwegischen Malers Edvard Munch. Saarbrücken: Wdm Müller, 2008. 80.
- Templeton, Joan. Munch’s Ibsen. A painter’s visions of a playwright. Seattle: Museum Tusculanum Press og University of Washington Press, 2008. 9.
- Guleng, Mai Britt. «Utstillingsstrategi og kunstnerisk individualitet. Edvard Munchs kritikere 1892», i «Munch blir ‘Munch’. Kunstneriske strategier 1880-1892», utstillingskatalog, 2008. 216.
- Jacobsen, Lasse. «Edvard Munchs fotoalbum fra atelier Marschalk, Berlin 1892-93 - og ‘Det syke barn’», i «Munch blir »Munch«. Kunstneriske strategier 1880-1892», utstillingskatalog, 2008. 199, 202, 204, 208.
- Messel, Nils. «Edvard Munch og hans kritikere i 1880-årene», i «Munch blir »Munch«. Kunstneriske strategier 1880-1892», utstillingskatalog, 2008. 168.
- Titus-Carmel, Gérard. Edvard Munch entre chambre et ciel. Besançon: Éditions Virgile, 2007. 19–20.
- Bjerke, Øivind Storm. «The Sick Child. Form as content», i «Edvard Munch. An anthology», 2006. 74–5.
- Lange, Marit. «Skrik etc. nok en gang. Kontrafaktisk kunsthistorie». Kunst og kultur 88, nr. 4 (2005). 247.
- Cross, Elizabeth, red. Edvard Munch: The Frieze of Life. Utstillingskatalog. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 2004. 23.
- Vigtel, Gudmund. «The Impact of Early Munch», i «After the Scream. The Late Paintings of Edvard Munch», utstillingskatalog, 2002. 20.
- Plahter, Leif Einar. «Beneath the surface of Edvard Munch. Technical examinations of four paintings by Edvard Munch», i «Conservare necesse est. Festskrift til Leif Einar Plahter på hans 70-årsdag», 1999. 114–5.
- Aslaksby, Trond. «The Sick Child - a closer look», i «Conservare necesse est. Festskrift til Einar Plahter på hans 70-årsdag», 1999. 139–40.
- Messel, Nils. «Edvard Munch and his critics in the 1880s». Kunst og kultur 77, nr. 4 (1994). 223–4.
- Bischoff, Ulrich. Edvard Munch. 1864-1944. Köln: Benedict Taschen, 1993. 16.
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- Nasjonalgalleriet, red. Katalog over norsk malerkunst. Oslo, 1950. kat.nr. 1052.
- Romdahl, Axel. «Edvard Munch som expressionist». Tidskrift för konstvetenskap, 1947. 170–1.
- Romdahl, Axel. «Edvard Munchs stil: et utkast till en undersökning». Kunst og kultur 29, nr. 3–4 (1946). 88.
- Stenersen, Rolf. Edvard Munch: Nærbilde av et geni. Oslo: Gyldendal, 1945. 16.
- Brøgger, A. W., et al., red. Norsk biografisk leksikon: B. 9. Oslo: Aschehoug, 1940. 413–4.
- Nasjonalgalleriet, red. Norsk malerkunst i Nasjonalgalleriet. Oslo, 1933. kat.nr. 942.
- Thiis, Jens. Edvard Munch og hans samtid: Slekten, livet og kunsten, geniet. Oslo: Gyldendal, 1933. 157–8, 324–5.
- Nasjonalgalleriet, red. Edvard Munch. Utstillingskatalog. Oslo, 1927. kat.nr. 37.
- Vidalenc, Georges. «Edvard Munch». Kunst og kultur 8 (1920). 142.
- Nilssen, Jappe. «Edvard Munch 163 - 12. desember - 1913». Kunst og kultur 4 (1913). 88.
- Thiis, Jens. «Edvard Munch. I. Om inholdet i hans kunst (1901). II. Om utviklingslinjen i hans kunst (1913)». Kunst og kultur 4 (1913). 69–70.
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Other works by Edvard Munch
The KissEdvard Munch1892
MoonlightEdvard Munch(1893)
Julius Meier-GraefeEdvard MunchAntagelig 1894
From Vestre AkerEdvard Munch1881
Young Woman Washing herselfEdvard Munch(1896)
MelancholyEdvard MunchAntagelig 1892
Bathing ManEdvard Munch(1918)
Flowery Meadow at VeierlandEdvard Munch(1887)
White NightEdvard MunchPåbegynt 1900, avsluttet 1901
Rue LafayetteEdvard Munch1891
Naked Woman in Front of a HouseEdvard Munch1883 eller 1884
Self-PortraitEdvard Munch1905




















































